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Fifty-eight selected navigational stars are given a special status in the field of celestial navigation. Of the approximately 6,000 stars visible to the naked eye under optimal conditions, the selected stars are among the brightest and span thirty-eight constellations of the celestial sphere from the declination of 70° south to 89° north. Many of the selected stars were named in antiquity by the ancient Arabs, Greeks, Romans, and Babylonians. The star Polaris, often called the "North Star", is treated specially due to its proximity to the north celestial pole. When navigating in the Northern Hemisphere, special techniques can be used with Polaris to determine latitude or gyrocompass error. The other 57 selected stars have daily positions given in nautical almanacs, aiding the navigator in efficiently performing observations on them. A second group of 115 "tabulated stars" can also be used for celestial navigation, but are often less familiar to the navigator and require extra calculations. For purposes of identification, the positions of navigational stars — expressed as declination and sidereal hour angle — are often rounded to the nearest degree. In addition to tables, star charts provide an aid to the navigator in identifying the navigational stars, showing constellations, relative positions, and brightness. ==Background== Under optimal conditions, approximately 6,000 stars are visible to the naked eye of an observer on Earth.〔Bowditch, 2002, p. 249.〕 Of these, 58 are known in the field of navigational astronomy as "selected stars", including 19 stars of the first magnitude, 38 stars of the second magnitude, and Polaris.〔 The selection of the stars is made by Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office and the US Naval Observatory, in the production of the yearly ''Nautical Almanac'' which the two organizations have published jointly since 1958.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher=US Naval Observatory ) 〕 Criteria in the choice of stars includes their distribution across the celestial sphere, brightness, and ease of identification.〔Wright and Whitney, 1992, p. 273.〕 Information for another 115 stars, known as "tabulated stars", is also available to the navigator.〔 This list provides information on the name, approximate position in the celestial sphere, and apparent magnitude of the 58 selected stars in tabular form and by star charts. These stars are typically used in two ways by the navigator. The first is to obtain a line of position by use of a sextant observation and the techniques of celestial navigation.〔Bowditch, 2002, pp. 301–303.〕 Multiple lines of position can be intersected to obtain a position known as a celestial fix. The second typical use of the navigational stars is to determine gyrocompass error by computing the azimuth of a star and comparing it to an azimuth measured using the ship's gyrocompass.〔Bowditch, 2002, pp. 271–274.〕 Numerous other applications also exist. Navigators typically refer to stars using one of two naming systems for stars: common names and Bayer's designations.〔 All of the selected stars have had a common name since 1953, and many were named in antiquity by the Arabs, Greeks, Romans, and Babylonians.〔 Bayer's naming convention has been in use since 1603, and consists of a Greek letter combined with the possessive form of the star's constellation.〔 Both names are shown for each star in the tables and charts below. Each star's approximate position on the celestial sphere is given using the equatorial coordinate system. The celestial sphere is an imaginary globe of infinite size with the Earth at its center.〔Bowditch, 2002, p. 234.〕 Positions on the celestial sphere are often expressed using two coordinates: declination and sidereal hour angle, which are similar to latitude and longitude on the surface of the Earth. To define declination, the Earth's equator is projected out to the celestial sphere to construct the celestial equator, and declination is measured in degrees north or south of this celestial equator.〔 Sidereal hour angle is a measurement between 0 and 360 degrees, indicating how far west a body is from an arbitrarily chosen line on the celestial sphere called the vernal equinox. The final characteristic provided in the tables and star charts is the star's brightness, expressed in terms of apparent magnitude. Magnitude is a logarithmic scale of brightness, designed so that a body of one magnitude is approximately 2.512 times brighter than a body of the next magnitude.〔The value is actually the fifth root of 100, an irrational number known as Pogson's Ratio. See 〕〔Bowditch, 2002, p. 219.〕 Thus, a body of magnitude 1 is 2.5125, or 100 times brighter than a body of magnitude 6.〔 The dimmest stars that can be seen through a 200-inch terrestrial telescope are of the 20th magnitude, and very bright objects like the Sun and a full Moon have magnitudes of −26.7 and −12.6 respectively.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of selected stars for navigation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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